TG, to bulk copy of visual images, thus the individual artistic creation, transformation into standardized commercial mass production. German painter Richter hit it big in China Why? This contemporary art from the Western influence on contemporary Chinese art point of view in Chinese contemporary art, commercial and ecological conditions of the visual image and schematic issues, and criticized the lack of contemporary Chinese art thoughtful schematic fashion.
one schema from the image to what is
image? What is a Pattern? Today, many artists and critics, when referring to the image shift and contemporary art schematic issue, the use of these vague terms such as talk about the no complete contemporary art discourse and sound system, while China's modern and contemporary art theory and a large number of words borrowed the concept and framework of the West, with the words of others speak. So, in order to prevent howling at the moon, the paper had in the context of Western art theory to discuss the image and schema issues. In Western art theory, images, English said image, the Chinese have translated as , for example, common in Renaissance painting angel holding a lily, and lilies for the Angels but a symbol of the composite image of the holy virgin pregnancy, is fixed for the traditional culture of western symbols. that there are intrinsic image English as imagery, the Chinese have translated as external form and inner meaning in the poles, without a relatively precise semantics.
, the then the schema is abstracted from the individual models, universal, general and common. images through a simplified and abstract, after treatment, only a basic structure, a pattern, said the English pattern, sometimes also called mode. Visual Arts in the pattern, somewhat similar to the syntax model of linguistics. a person engaged in writing, in the same model based on the syntax, you can write many different sentences, such as using the Such a simple model of basic grammar, a person fall in love, you can write After its schema processing, and use of schema syntax of visual language model, both wearing a crown of smirk who draw, but also those who draw outward splits giggle, giggle also draw those who pre-Tiananmen Square . They not only painted portrait of smirk, giggle's body is more like painting and Images, the silly straight to the magical effect of schema, to play the extreme, to look at the paintings of people and foreigners, to buy a painting of the speculators and collectors only a joke to others, but also by others joke, but the artist himself was lucky in the side of the self-righteous manner. Of course, we do not know that lucky person is not to count the money lost art of individuality in the post-giggle.
from the image to the above schema transformation, has become an important contemporary art of fashion, like a tailor made garment workers to follow a model based on mass production of clothing. this fashion transformation, and neither good nor bad distinction or distinction, but the art of personal development and the development of art in times of periodic phenomena. The problem is, when artists draw the schematic as the sole basis of the image, the art of creativity is gone, the result is a batch image copy. Such large-scale replication, only known as the commercial mass production, and has nothing to do with the individual nature of artistic creation.
798 is Beijing's fashion art gathering place, the day of King and King Kong have successfully copied the image created by his past, and pushed large-scale copy to the market, and access to an unprecedented commercial success, the 798 artists who have lost their mental balance, rushed to processing images. Once they see an image there is a market potential to immediately be schematic for large-scale replication , reminding us of scenes woodblock print money. This is fashion artists, there is an urgent need to do, but many people are doing.
Second, why is Richter?
schematic is the status of contemporary Chinese art , schema so that artistic creation can be transformed into commodity production. The status quo is the product of rapid economic development, but should not be the inevitable outcome. the past, we believe that Marx said that the economic base determines the superstructure and ideology, scholars after the Cultural Revolution to autonomy of art and argues that art is not the superstructure, not ideology. In fact, the formalism used gas against the art of self-government theory politicized, is to no avail, because the means and ends are not consistent, like a chicken speak the same language. Art is a cultural product of the human spirit, artistic creation to the premise of the production of physical materials, so does the economic basis of constraints. However, relatively independent cultural, material in the material conditions are met, the arts can have their own direction of development. In fact, even Marx also pointed out that the production of material production and spiritual imbalance.
Unfortunately, the art of the relative independence of today's fashionable artists were abandoned. in the artistic creativity into the process of commodity production, they employ a significant way is the schema as a grammar model, to bulk copy the image of products, both exports, domestic sales, so that the individual artistic creation, a massive act of collective industry .
behavior of this excellent production embodiment of the contemporary German artist Richter crazy popular in China. Richter is what kind of artist? Why is popular in China? Chinese artists in the history of what and cultural conditions have rushed to imitate him? sentence: Why is the Richter?
Siegel Hart. Richter (1932 -) is a double concrete and abstract painter, but his influence on contemporary Chinese art , but to seemingly clear the way for photographic figurative art. Richter of abstract painting in China has undergone something of a later, much less the scope of his figurative painting, confined to Shanghai, the individual artist, while his figurative painting, Ten years ago, from the beginning to affect the levels of various levels across the country a large number of artists.
European and American art theorists, that Richter is a post-modern artist, that he has the concept of post-modern avant-garde and sex. However, when Richter was introduced to China, no matter who introduced the original intention and purpose of what Chinese artists see is Richter's images are made, that is, with soft light effects and dizziness photographic method of simulation. This way of drawing, so that China's contemporary artists an eye-opener, seem to see themselves as proficient in the skills arena of realism: Original oil paintings can be painted like this! So, their many years of hard work and practice of figurative painting skills, conceptual art in the new century context, and finally had the opportunity to have a go, they even dare to more than Richter's own soft skills, excel the predecessors. More importantly, the appearance Richter so that they become re-energized, you can suddenly, become a painter from the concept of realism painter and that they therefore put on the cloak of contemporary art.
Richter was born in Dresden, when he learned painting , Dresden, East Germany was placed under, and he accepted the Soviet-style socialist realism art education. This is he a great Chinese artists similarities. Richter studied advertising art and stage sets, he therefore develop a commercial artistic sensitivity, which makes his art made consciously or unconsciously, the way with commercial production. This is he and another Chinese artists today at the similarities. Richter's realistic painting to be the name of the concept of recognized the Western world, which gives the socialist realism art education by Chinese artists and their students, and provides an excellent model for a successful transition, so that they can by the name of the post-modern turn to commercial art.
It is for reasons such as these, Chinese contemporary artists only ignored the Richter Why is the problem of conceptual art, their meaning and thoughtful Richter paintings are not interested, they are only interested in drawing in the way Richter . Today, in Chinese art circles, not to imitate Richter generation, but even two generations, three generations in mimic. a lot of the sixties, seventies, eighties born artists, the Richter as their own God, the savior and guiding people. These people draw images of the common approach is adopted to varying degrees, soft style camera Richter stun technology. from the current art market on the day of Jin-Gang Wang Rounds to art college students just a low door, does the unique imitator? to the present, this soft photographic figurative painting, already evolved into a pattern, a stylish contemporary Chinese art.
Chinese people for thousands of years the image of the habits of mind, so the slow development of abstract art in China. However, due to the impact of Richter figurative paintings, abstract paintings he has to enter China, to the small number of abstract painter provides a model to imitate. Today, in the slightly on a large scale abstract paintings, Richter's abstract schema as Phantom of the Opera is also generally everywhere.
Richter wild popularity in China is a normal phenomenon? in the full artistic and intellectual illiteracy illiterate Chinese Art Today sector, in the image steering and Reading Pictures fine arts in China today, artists only see Richter's image, just wishing that image into a pattern, in order to mass production. they see is Richter's skin, Richter did not see the skin below thoughtful.
three degenerate era of pictures
on ideology, the United States has a similar concept with the doctrine Richter figurative painter, Mark. Tansey (Mark Tansey, 1948 -.) famous contemporary American art critic Arthur. Danto and the authority of the . Tansey was introduced to China, some domestic well-known figurative realist painter, and even to New York to visit him, to visit his studio. But, while the same is a figurative painter with a conceptual painter, with today's Western-known painter, art market, with the leader, why is Mark. Tansey no impact in China, while Richter has imitators all?
I think the answer to this question lies in the cultural context of Chinese Reading Pictures . Richter is a schematic maker, and his image is easy to understand and copy, easy-to-abstract schema. Although he had thought, but in his paintings to create the image than the images load technique is more eye-catching ideas , at least for Chinese contemporary artists is the case. Mark. Tansey on the contrary, he is not a schema maker, drawn from his image, it is difficult to abstract schema. He drew the image of the purpose is to load thinking, that is, his theory of art history and reflect on the idea. Mark. Tansey art is characterized by those who do not know if we look at paintings modernism and postmodernism art theory, they do not understand his paintings, you can not discern Why his is the concept of figurative painting. The Chinese art critics and theorists, it should be able to understand Mark. Tansey, but China's contemporary artists, especially those who just want to create images rather than reading do not want to think artists, not necessarily understand. In fact, after reading pictures in the image shift, Chinese contemporary artists have been reluctant to re-use the brain to think, do not want to interpret Mark effort. Tansey as images, they only want to go who do not need to worry about the straightforward interpretation of the image, like children's picture flashcards.
received strict training realism painters, some very clever people not working hands, they do not have the heart for only Richter hand of painting, and Mark. Tansey makes them confused. Commercial Times is no need to move the brain painters, they simply follow the mechanical mode of operation of the assembly line mass production of images. using fast track the principle artists to create images , of course, to imitate the Richter easy to learn, but will not go deeper into the pedantic strong mark. Tansey. In other words, theoretical knowledge and thoughtful with Mark. Tansey, in the business world, will not lead to China interest in contemporary artists, was one-sided understanding, one-sided acceptance Richter, the inevitable became popular on giving up, focusing on the image reproduction fine arts in China today.
Although Richter and Mark Tansey are figurative painting, are is the concept of doctrine, and almost at the same time was introduced into China, but the former than in the visual image and its production technology to attract attention, people a hundred years to meet the pragmatic desire to value the technology so that our artists can not mind can be one-sided understanding, partial acceptance, it would become the object of ism. In this light, Richter imitators who is not contemporary, they are just a disguised continuation of realism. On the contrary, Mark. Tansey philosophy within the mainly speculative, although in the figurative painting, but he was beyond the external visual images, his images and ideas of the theory of the load, so that artists who do not mind confused, find it difficult to understand, difficult to imitate. that , Mark. Tansey is not used, and to learn from him, we must study the philosophy of art, art history and critical theory, and for independent thought and artistic creation, which none of the possibility of mass production. Obviously, this what kind of thankless, intelligent Chinese artists would never do.
To sum up, Richter's image, easy to learn and explore the imitator pattern, is conducive to mass production, and Mark . Tansey's images, because of the theories and ideas but almost no schema at all, that no one to imitate. In this way, the pictorial turn and reading pictures after the style of Chinese artists in terms of illiteracy, Richter will be one-sided copy is a historical necessity, but does not know Mark. Tansey is a historical necessity.
the face of all this, of course we worry about. But when the artists have to rely on schema no thought to the mass production of the image, when Industrial Technology artistic creation becomes lost when the individual thought, I have to say, our culture fallen.
II OO September, Montreal
image prototype and refining a section of visual arts
prototype and the image
in Chinese contemporary art, why there are so many images are taken the trouble to a lot of copying, and reprint, copy? this reason in addition to the social and economic goods temptation and vulgar popular culture trend of the times outside, in addition to the artist personal laziness, lack of thinking inside out, is there any deeper reason? If we are convinced that there is another reason, then what will we find and how to dig for this reason?
way to find a variety of reasons diverse, one of which is the prototype of the work. Archetypal Criticism (archetypal criticism) is seen in the early 20th century, a literary research and criticism, in general, to analytical psychology and cultural anthropology as a theoretical basis. to the 20th century medium-term, the prototype reached a peak academic criticism in the West, art historians and art critics have also borrowed from the school method. Among them, the German Jewish psychologists and art theorist Eric. Newman (Erich Neumann, 1905 - 1960) monograph, but not printed in 1994 by the Taipei macro industry publishing company pirated.
literary studies and reviews in our community, archetypal criticism in the last century were all the rage, but in the field of art studies and art criticism, but rarely read related works. As the author published in the late 80's writings on the archetypal criticism, it is not here criticized as a general introduction to this camp, but only intend to explore from the perspective of a prototype visual images and image duplicated. As the name implies, Prototype of archetypal criticism aims to illustrate the work. So, what is the prototype that we must first solve the problem. from the perspective of analytical psychology, Jung's form, and from the perspective of cultural anthropology, said the early human mythology, and literary and artistic works in the Myth of potential variant is the way the prototype of a show.
prototype (archetype) from the Greek word, arche means origin, beginning, typos intended as a model. right visual art, prototype intended to refer to the original schema. In literary works, the prototype hidden in those recurring images, narratives, motifs, and in visual art works, the prototype is lurking in those recurring images, ideas, production methods, such as the popular mass criticism, big grin, big head, big movie, big photo like images. identify these recurring image in fact relatively easy, but the important thing is traced back, through these repeated images to find the prototype.
longer than the visual thinking of the artist, the retrospective image prototype easier than the novelist and poet. archetypal criticism of the dean, Canadian researchers Ross Shaw. Frye (Northrop Frye ,1912-1991) famous criticism in the prototype, looking at a painting, we may stand near, to analyze the details of brush and knife, which the new rhetoric of broadly similar criticism. If Stand back a bit, the composition appears to be more clearly set, we can study to texts, and this is realism that we see and read the best from the Dutch school of painting. more back points, the more we can clearly see the picture the idea of combination of design, such as standing on a polar distance Madonna site, in addition to the prototype of the Virgin, we have seen nothing, that the prototype is the center of a large blue screen, is a visual contrast between the center points of interest. In literature, we often had to Poetry to After the station, so ....... insight into the composition of the prototype of Shakespeare if we His opponent, have jumped into the heroine, and is the wake of a deadly struggle on the stage by increasing the distance to eliminate the complicated details, so Shanfanjiujian, abstract visual images of the prototype schema. On the other hand, Frye also talked about rational analysis and summary way. Fry said the prototype is a typical, is a recurring image is of a piece with other works linked to the symbol; prototype to integrate our fragmented reading experience that can make our knowledge into one. If we say the implementation of Frye, you can paintings those singled out recurring images, the same person classified as a class, and then summarized in the image from the same internal structure model, in which the mode that most of this is the first prototype. For example, in Contemporary Chinese Art Great Criticism prototype, is the Cultural Revolution symbols and the Western brand names and home, and juxtaposition is the prototype structure way. as visual prototypes, and set the Cultural Revolution symbols and the Western brand names, can have numerous variants, for example, that the Cultural Revolution symbols is sped his pen posters can also be hammer and sickle held high; and the West are either brand Coca-Cola, McDonald's can be. But original aim of these variants are of the same prototype repetition, the same batch schema replication. any person, regardless of the level of arts, so long as this prototype, as long as the collection of symbols and the Western Cultural Revolution enough brand logo, as long as the model to understand the structure of the prototype (here is the juxtaposition of the method), you can create large quantities of Great Criticism Series.
This of course is a copy or even plagiarism, but Could not copy the original author or plagiarism itself? Otherwise, the same variant of the prototype in many ways to bulk copy, we can say is the author of incompetence, or other purposes, such as the well-known to the West curry favor or to bow down to the purpose of the market.
contemporary art criticism, the prototype of what is the point? I think that this meaning is a matter of opinion However, the concept of contemporary art and the image reproduction of stereotypes, through exploring the prototype, we can at least brushed set of visual barriers intentionally or unintentionally, and not by those who seemingly profound, seemingly confused by the complexity of the image, nor is Self-selling author and critic confused by the endless boasting, we can discern the prototype works, and sharply pointed and the prevalent custom of the superficial.
two from the concrete to the abstract
Here, we have been involved in the prototype and variant (variation) of the problem. In the visual arts, since the beginning of the prototype is the ultimate pattern, then it appears in the specific work of art will have a different look and different symbols, different images, different image appears. the bulk of such grin giggle, can wearing a crown, can be wearing hats, you can also stay bald, these are a variant of the prototype. It is through our analysis of these variants and the induction was to track and identify the prototype.
If we criticize and silly for large bulk of the prototype of the excavation, the analysis method is used, then when you look at the paintings Fry said, inductive method is the use of visual effects and from the concrete to reach an abstract process. This is from the full details of the specific individual's image, reduce, return, restore, to a omit the details and only the visual subject of the abstract structure model. also That is, the process of exploring the visual prototype, in addition to analysis inside out, you can also have an abstract from the concrete to the perceptual process.
in the visual arts, the , with characters like the only means of specific descriptions of the visual in order to be emotional, but also refers to the reproduction of the visible objective world, not limited to the characters. , whether the existence of objective or fiction of the imagination thing. abstract art induction, consolidation, simplifies the visual characteristics of objective things, not to describe the external image and details. In this sense, the ancient rock art from China on symbols, to the West of modern minimalism, is a kind of abstract art. Note that as the art schools of the abstract objects such as, for example, American abstract expressionist painter De Kooning woman described by those who shape the image of the broken. In fact, the art object as the deformation phenomenon, between figurative and abstract, although clear boundaries, there are two a gray area bordering the transition.
according to the general view of art history, and now the earliest known man-made image, Inner Mongolia in China, Yin Paleolithic rock art, such as facial patterns, etc.; Lascaux cave in western France ( Lascaux caves) the bison mural images, dating back more than fifteen thousand years. foreign both cases, if the use of the present perspective, neither figurative nor abstract, but the center of the semi-abstract or semi-figurative, but if used At that time people's perspective, that is, the British historian Collingwood (Robin George Collinwood, 1889-1943) advocated by the best to desperately close to figurative representation, persevering their observation methods and reproduction methods have limitations, are child-like observation and reproduction, and thus can not match the mature concrete representation. though not mature, but that has revealed the prehistoric art of charming Department innocence.
history of human civilization from the point of view, the image of mature manufacturing process, taking a not perfect from the relative perfect concrete to concrete, from a high degree of perfection to the semi-abstract figurative, abstract and pure abstract development. In other words, when mature when figurative art, abstract art have come into being. the traditional Chinese landscape painting to show the evolution of this process, but this process has not been completed, it will because of the rise of literati painting and Western painting realistic termination of the introduction. For example, the Northern Song Dynasty landscape painting of Fan Kuan and Guo Xi, the heroism and idealism of the concrete reproduction of the peak down at the time, the results, to the Southern Song Dynasty, Li Tang, and Liddy and rapid deterioration begins with the emergence of Ma Yuan and Xia Gui, the relative simplicity, there is more to the early Song Dynasty, Yu Jian, animal husbandry, such as monk River and impressionistic landscape painter, who is extremely simple pen landscape images, revealing the performance from the reproduction of the objective world to the psychological changes in the subjective world. Of course , there are many scholars oppose the use of freehand Chinese literati to discuss abstract art, that there is no historical connection between the two, that abstract art is just the phenomenon of Western culture. In my opinion, this view says, just as the West a specific abstract art schools, without regard as the universal abstract art and abstract concepts.
fact, even the Western painting has a similar historical process, which is of European art from the traditional to the modern development of the essence, for example, from French Barbizon landscape realism to non-realistic landscapes of the evolution of Cezanne, Mondrian and then the gray apple abstract pen. Although this is the case of macro art history, while micro cases, you can give Picasso's abstract art, it is the ability of human reproduction with unprecedented as mature product. Picasso's drawing manuscript shows us the images of cattle from the concrete to the abstract, simplified the process, the final step in this process is transformed into a kinds of visual symbols. Picasso of the cases, not only allows us to see how visual thinking into abstract thinking, so we adopted a variant of bovine Picasso and see the prototype.
from the previous view, art visual prototype is an abstract schema. from the perspective of cultural anthropology, the more the image of early humans, they are far more close to the collective unconscious of the abstract prototype. and this is similar to, if the use of analogy in the sense of developmental psychology said that children in the early stages of human development, children's memory and thinking, closer to the collective unconscious than adults, so we will see, the younger the children, their picture the more abstract. However, with human development and The progress of civilization, with the children's growth and maturity of the thought, with the artistic skills of the evolution and maturing artist, figurative art more and more away from the initial prototype pattern, more and wearing a mask variant. < br> So, when a prototype with a different variant appeared in the works for specific images, and become a fashion, that there may be people to imitate the image was a lot of repetition, to be infinitely replicated. This imitation, repetition and copy, usually corresponding to the two mutually complementary forms. The first is the prototype of the dominant image repeat, repeat the external morphology that is what we normally do not blindly follow the trend of the brain as, for example, many people rush to spoof the image of political figures, which belong to people share the same image. The second form is the prototype of the hidden image repeat, repeat that the internal schema, which is slightly smarter than the former, usually certain artists repeat themselves, such as repetitive the big picture all giggle, there are thousands of images that belong to the same usage. Although the latter is somewhat clever, but only a sense of business and market smart, in the arts, said, implies the author's downhill and the end of their rope.
Three prototypes and Schema
To further illustrate the relationship between the figurative and abstract, and through this relationship to the prototype and the schematic of the problem, I provide a case study, which is famous Taiwanese sculptor Ju Ming, not long ago he Art Museum of China held in Beijing hit the exhibition. If the use of history and development perspective, Zhu Ming's works, showing his art from the concrete to the abstract of the evolution process, and style from simple images to map the process. This process and human development and child development in the opposite direction, so you can help us from the concrete to the abstract to reverse back the prototype. But we should be clear, here referred to Ju Ming's reverse development, refers to his artistic maturity after the development, rather than that he grew from childhood to adult experiences, it is like Chinese landscape, after a long period of growth after the peak in the Song Dynasty to achieve realism, then turned to the impressionistic landscapes.
Ju debut, his sculptures are mostly realism of the secular character image, to impose two or three bright colors and bright, with strong local gas and folk flavor. Then, when the character appears Tai Chi, Ju simplified depiction of the image, he not only completely abandoned the color, but to give up the image details, such as face and facial features of people describe. This simplified, so that his works began to abstract from the concrete. However, the basic shape of works of Zhu Ming, a character has to practice tai chi, no matter how concise language , as revealed by Title, as Tai Chi movement is still at a glance. Thus, this kind of work can be called semi-abstract works, the basic features of a highly simplified embodiment. With this simplification, the details of things like the shape of the rich disappeared, Ju Ming sculpture of the hands of only the heavy sense of style, contrasting, and perhaps this is to emphasize the ethereal air of Tai Chi. I guess, of this is to grasp the spirit of Taoism and tai chi soul. However, this semi-abstract sculpture still inherited the colorful folklore of the past, the usual way, the production of a work, based on seemingly simple but still recognize the shape of the image, based on the artist can not do without things like give inspiration. Still later, Ju Ming's sculptures With a qualitative leap, which is the emergence of abstract works. When I first saw in public Ju abstract works, I am deeply shocked, I believe the artist enlightened Road. he goes beyond himself, turned from a spectator's point of view, see his own past, the figurative and the shape of the fixation, they finally gave up the Tai Chi image, and enter no image abstract level. However, as I understand Ju past folk painted sculpture and Tai Chi image, so when I am fine read his abstract works, I still see the potential of Tai Chi schema. It's way Schema to covert hidden in the abstract sculptures, this is when the idea of intentionally or unintentionally, the default schema. the face of Ju Ming's abstract works, if our visual perception of Gestalt Gestalt sensitive, we can see in these abstract works in Tai Chi maps. to personal taste, I do not like Ju Ming Tai Chi over the past semi-abstract sculpture that, because such works too pretentious too hypocritical, revealed in the abstract of the struggle between the so tired of people see the works. However, I appreciate the later Ming Zhu and pure abstract sculpture abstract. These works show us that from the struggle of out in relief, he did not ...
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